Stats & Studies
RECENT RELEASES

"CHANGE THE NUMBERS" VIDEO

Produced by NumbersUSA

Once again, NumbersUSA has done a tremendous job of highlighting why America cannot

continue to take in such high numbers of immigrants.  

Leading Republican pollster Glen Bolger finds enduring support for reform

Arizona’s new immigration law, SB 1070, put immigration back on the front burner, and Americans of all political persuasions are reconsidering their attitudes. Do immigrants help or hurt the United States? Do they help or hurt the economy? Does it make a difference if they are skilled or unskilled, legal or illegal? And what exactly do voters want Congress to do about immigration – if reform, what kind of reform?

Leading Republican pollster, Glen Bolger, partner and cofounder of Public Opinion Strategies, went into the field to ask just two weeks after passage of the Arizona law.

The new poll surveys attitudes of Republican, Democrat and, perhaps most important, independent voters. Whether or not Congress decides to tackle immigration this year, the findings paint a fresh, nuanced portrait of American attitudes.

ImmigrationWorks partnered with the Essential Worker Immigration Coalition, Americans for Immigration Reform, the National Restaurant Association and the American Council on International Personnel to produce the poll.

VIEW DIRECT LINK TO POLL:  http://www.immigrationworksusa.org/index.php?p=209

Poll results

Executive version

Pollster memo

Key findings - Republican voters

Pollster

Media

WASHINGTON (April 29, 2010) – The new law recently signed by the governor of Arizona, SB 1070, makes it a state crime to violate some federal immigration statutes. While the law is extremely popular in the state, with 70 percent of Arizona voters approving of it and just 23 percent opposed, it has raised controversy. Below is a brief summary of the relevant information on illegal immigration in Arizona, followed by a short analysis of SB 1070’s major provisions.

Illegal immigration in Arizona:

  • The federal government estimated that Arizona had one of the fastest growing illegal immigrant populations in the country, increasing from 330,000 in 2000 to 560,000 by 2008.1

  • Arizona has adopted other laws to deter the settlement of illegal immigrants in the state in recent years. The federal government estimates that the illegal immigrant population dropped by 18 percent in the state from 2008 to 2009, compared to a 7 percent drop for the nation as a whole.2 This may be evidence that the state enforcement efforts are having an impact.

  • The Maricopa County Attorney’s Office has found that 22 percent of felonies in the county are committed by illegal immigrants.3 Illegal immigrants are estimated to be 10 percent of the county’s adult population.4

  • Analysis of data from State Criminal Alien Assistance Program showed that illegal immigrants were 11 percent of the state’s prison population. Illegal immigrants were estimated to be 8 percent of state’s adult population at the time of the analysis.5

  • Approximately 17 percent of those arrested by the Border Patrol in its Tucson Sector have criminal records in the United States.6

  • The issue of illegal immigration and crime is very difficult to measure, and while in Arizona there is evidence that illegal immigrants are committing a disproportionate share of crime, it is not clear this is the case nationally.7

  • In 2007, the Center for Immigration Studies estimated that 12 percent of workers in the Arizona are illegal immigrants.8

  • In 2007, the Center estimated that illegal immigrants and their U.S.-born children (under 18) comprise one-fifth of those in the state living in poverty, one-third of those without health insurance, and one out of six students in the state’s schools.9

  • In 2007, the Center estimated that one-third of households headed by illegal immigrants in Arizona used at least one major welfare program, primarily food-assistance programs or Medicaid. Benefits were typically received on behalf of U.S.-born children.10

  • The new law (SB 1070) is extremely popular among Arizona voters. A Rasmussen poll found that 70 percent of voters approve of the new bill, and just 23 percent oppose it.11

Among the new law’s provisions:

  • The new Arizona law mirrors federal law, which already requires aliens (non-citizens) to register and carry their documents with them (8 USC 1304(e) and 8 USC 1306(a)). The new Arizona law simply states that violating federal immigration law is now a state crime as well. Because illegal immigrants are by definition in violation of federal immigration laws, they can now be arrested by local law enforcement in Arizona.

  • The law is designed to avoid the legal pitfall of “pre-emption,” which means a state can’t adopt laws that conflict with federal laws. By making what is a federal violation also a state violation, the Arizona law avoids this problem.

  • The law only allows police to ask about immigration status in the normal course of “lawful contact” with a person, such as a traffic stop or if they have committed a crime.

  • Estimates from the federal government indicate that more than 80 percent of illegal immigrants come from Latin America.12 Thus, there is concern that police may target only Hispanics for enforcement.

  • Before asking a person about immigration status, law enforcement officials are required by the law to have “reasonable suspicion” that a person is an illegal immigrant. The concept of “reasonable suspicion” is well established by court rulings. Since Arizona does not issue driver's licenses to illegal immigrants, having a valid license creates a presumption of legal status. Examples of reasonable suspicion include:

    • A driver stopped for a traffic violation has no license, or record of a driver's license or other form of federal or state identification.
    • A police officer observes someone buying fraudulent identity documents or crossing the border illegally.
    • A police officer recognizes a gang member back on the street who he knows has been previously deported by the federal government.

  • The law specifically states that police, “may not solely consider race, color or national origin” when implementing SB 1070.

  • When Arizona’s governor signed the new law, she also issued an executive order requiring the Arizona Peace Officer Standards and Training Board to provide local police with additional training on what does and what does not constitute “reasonable suspicion.”13


# # #
The Center for Immigration Studies is an independent non-partisan research institution that examines the impact of immigration on the United States. It is not involved in drafting legislation and has not formally endorsed or opposed SB 1070.

 





American Jackpot: The Remaking of America by Birthright Citizenship

Bad policy, millions of immigrants and bomming maternity wards are being used to radically alter the population size, charcter and culture of America.

By:  Mark Cromer, CAPS Senior Writing Fellow

February 2010

Birthright Citizenship
There is something sublimely grand about the term itself, evoking the notion that the most fundamental civic right an American can possess—citizenship—through which access to virtually all other constitutionally enshrined rights and protections pass, is bestowed to all who are blessed enough to take their first gasp of earthly air on American soil. It is held among our people’s core beliefs as something that is intrinsically American, an iconic reflection of the generous character of the American spirit that delivers on the Statue of Liberty’s plea to send her those huddled masses yearning to breathe free.

Indeed, the United States today stands virtually alone among power-house industrial democracies in granting unequivocal birth citizenship. The notion of being an instant American if born on United States soil has been so romanticized at critical junctures in our evolving popular culture it is now seen by many as a fundamental characteristic of the American identity. Consequently, the growing calls to end the practice are viewed by some as a heretical departure from what makes this country a beacon of hope to so many around the world.

So there’s no small amount of irony in the fact that the policy of granting birthright citizenship in America has become a core gravitational ‘pull factor’ that has resulted in the largest sustained wave of mass human migration ever witnessed in the history of the nation-state; a human tsunami that has played a critical role in the rapid erosion of the quality of life that so many immigrants seek on these shores. It also increasingly poses a non-consensual makeover of the culture that American citizens had neither voice nor vote in unleashing.

Dr. John C. Eastman, Dean of Chapman University’s law school in Orange, California, is among the leading scholars in the nation on constitutional law and has testified before Congress on the issue of birthright citizenship. Eastman states plainly that the framers of the 14th Amendment had no intention of allowing another country to wage demographic warfare against the U.S. and reshaping its culture by means of exploiting birthright citizenship.

“We have this common understanding of when you come here to visit, that you are subject to our jurisdiction. You have to obey our traffic laws. If you come here from England, you have to drive on the right side of the road and not on the left side of the road,” he said. “But the framers of the 14th Amendment had in mind two different notions of ‘subject to the jurisdiction.’ There was what they called territorial jurisdiction— you have to follow the laws in the place where you are—but there was also this more complete, or allegiance-owing jurisdiction that held that you not only have to follow the laws, but that you owe allegiance to the sovereign. And that doesn’t come by just visiting here. That comes by taking an oath of support and becoming part of the body politic. And it is that jurisdiction that they are talking about in the 14th Amendment.”

[View entire article by clicking above link or at:  http://www.capsweb.org/content.php?id=775&menu_id=8&menu_item_id=82)

JOBS AMERICAN WORKERS WON'T DO?

A Detailed Look at Immigrant Employment by Occupation
By Steven A. Camarota, Karen Jensenius
August 2009

Click here to download a pdf version of this Memoramdum
(or view: http://www.cis.org/articles/2009/occupations.pdf)

This analysis tests the often-made argument that immigrants only do jobs Americans don’t want. If the argument is correct, there should be occupations comprised entirely or almost entirely of immigrants. But Census Bureau data collected from 2005 to 2007, which allow for very detailed analysis, show that even before the recession there were only a tiny number of majority-immigrant occupations. (Click here to see detailed table.)

Among the findings:

•Of the 465 civilian occupations, only four are majority immigrant. These four occupations account for less than 1 percent of the total U.S. workforce. Moreover, native-born Americans comprise 47 percent of workers in these occupations.

•Many jobs often thought to be overwhelmingly immigrant are in fact majority native-born:
?Maids and housekeepers: 55 percent native-born
?Taxi drivers and chauffeurs: 58 percent native-born
?Butchers and meat processors: 63 percent native-born
?Grounds maintenance workers: 65 percent native-born
?Construction laborers: 65 percent native-born
?Porters, bellhops, and concierges: 71 percent native-born
?Janitors: 75 percent native-born

•There are 93 occupations in which 20 percent or more of workers are immigrants. These high-immigrant occupations are primarily, but not exclusively, lower-wage jobs that require relatively little formal education.

•There are 23.6 million natives in these high-immigrant occupations (20 percent or more immigrant). These occupations include 19 percent of all native workers.

•Most natives do not face significant job competition from immigrants; however, those who do tend to be less-educated and poorer than those who face relatively little competition from immigrants.

•In high-immigrant occupations, 57 percent of natives have no more than a high school education. In occupations that are less than 20 percent immigrant, 35 percent of natives have no more than a high school education. And in occupations that are less than 10 percent immigrant, only 26 percent of natives have no more than a high school education.

•In high-immigrant occupations the average wages and salary for natives is one-fourth lower than in occupations that are less than 20 percent immigrant.

•Some may believe that natives in high-immigrant occupations are older and that few young natives are willing to do that kind of work. But 33 percent of natives in these occupations are age 30 or younger. In occupations that are less than 20 percent immigrant, 28 percent of natives are 30 or younger.

•It is worth remembering that not all high-immigrant occupations are lower-skilled and lower-wage. For example, 44 percent of medical scientists are immigrants, as are 34 percent of software engineers, 27 percent of physicians, and 25 percent of chemists.

•It is also worth noting that a number of politically important groups tend to face very little job competition from immigrants. For example, just 10 percent of reporters are immigrants, as are only 6 percent of lawyers and judges and 3 percent of farmers and ranchers.

 

NOTE:  Steven A. Camarota is the Director of Research and Karen Jensenius is a demographer at the Center for Immigration Studies.

Broader Measure of Unemployment Shows Bleak Picture
By Steven A. Camarota, Karen Jensenius
August 2009

Backgrounders and Reports
Click here to download a pdf version of this Memorandum

(or view: http://www.cis.org/articles/2009/worse_than_it_seems.pdf)

While the current high rate of official unemployment is well known, it only includes those who have looked for work in the last four weeks. There is a broader measure of employment, referred to by the Bureau of Labor Statistics as U-6, which includes the unemployed and people who would like to work, but who have not looked for a job recently, as well as those involuntarily working part-time. This report examines the U-6 measure and finds that things are much worse than the official unemployment numbers imply. The situation is particularly bad for minorities, the young, and less-educated Americans. These are the workers who face the most competition from immigrants - legal and illegal. (All figures in this report are seasonally unadjusted and are from June 2009.)

Among the findings:

•As of June 2009, the overall unemployment rate for native-born Americans is 9.7 percent, but the broader U-6 measure shows it as 16.3 percent. There are 12.7 million unemployed natives, but using the U-6 measure it is 21.7 million.

•The unemployment rate for native-born Americans with less than a high school education is 20.8 percent. Their U-6 measure is 33.2 percent.

•The unemployment rate for young native-born Americans (18-29) who have only a high school education is 18.5 percent. Their U-6 measure is 30.3 percent.

•The unemployment rate for native-born blacks with less than a high school education is 27.5 percent. Their U-6 measure is 42 percent.

•The unemployment rate for young native-born blacks (18-29) with only a high school education is 25.8 percent. Their U-6 measure is 37.4 percent.

•The unemployment rate for native-born Hispanics with less than a high school education is 22.6 percent. Their U-6 measure is 36.5 percent.

•The unemployment rate for young native-born Hispanics (18-29) with only a high school degree is 21.3 percent. Their U-6 measure is 32.7 percent.

•The overall unemployment rate for immigrants (legal and illegal) is 9.7 percent, but their U-6 measure is 19.7 percent, which is significantly higher than the rate for natives.

•The unemployment rate for immigrants with less than high school education is 12.8 percent. Their U-6 measure is 27.1 percent. The unemployment rate for young immigrants (18-29) with only a high school education is 9.6 percent. Their U-6 measure is 24.2 percent.

 

NOTE:  Steven A. Camarota is the Director of Research and Karen Jensenius is a demographer at the Center for Immigration Studies.

By James R. Edwards Jr.
August 2009

(view at: http://www.cis.org/articles/2009/healthcare_reform.pdf)

Immigration will affect and be affected by the health reform legislation being crafted in the U.S. House and Senate. There are around 12 million uninsured immigrants. Their presence means every provision designed to extend health coverage to those without insurance will potentially expand taxpayers’ costs by billions of dollars. Many immigrant households have children who are automatically eligible for government health care, even if their parents are here illegally.

Bear in mind, Government agencies and nonprofits often look only at income levels and similar qualifiers when enrolling new beneficiaries in public programs like Medicaid and SCHIP. They often overlook immigration status, even though that could disqualify someone from program participation.

Health reform legislation, particularly H.R. 3200, contains a number of provisions that open the door to taxpayer funding of immigrants’ health care. That’s for illegal aliens, legal aliens who are supposed to rely on their sponsor for financial assistance their first five years here, and certain immigrants who sponsor other immigrants.

In brief:

•Despite nominally barring illegal immigrants from receiving a health-insurance subsidy, an amendment to require that applicants be screened for eligibility — as are all other welfare recipients — was rejected on a party-line vote.

•Even legal immigrants whose sponsors are supposed to provide them financial support would be eligible for taxpayer-funded subsidies.

•Certain legal immigrants who qualify for premium subsidies or expanded Medicaid would also be able to sponsor new immigrants, whom they would have to pledge to support.

•Illegal immigrants would be exempt from the legal mandate to have health insurance, but they’d still receive taxpayer-funded medical services at health clinics and hospitals required to serve all those presenting with medical emergencies.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

NOTE:  James R. Edwards, Jr. joined the Center in 2009 as a fellow and is also currently a Principal at the MITA Group. He brings nearly 20 years of experience in the political, public policy, and communication arena. He was an Adjunct Fellow with the Hudson Institute for more than a decade and was selected as a 1998 Lincoln Fellow by the Claremont Institute. Edwards was author, with James G. Gimpel, of The Congressional Politics of Immigration Reform (Longman, 1998). He earned his doctorate at the University of Tennessee, and his bachelor’s and master’s degrees at the University of Georgia.

By Steven A. Camarota
August 2009

As Congress and the nation debate health care reform, the impact of immigration policy is an important component of that discussion. This Memorandum provides information about immigration’s effect on the nation’s health care system. The analysis is primarily based on data collected by the U.S. government in March 2008 about insurance coverage in the prior calendar year (2007).

Among the findings:

•In 2007, 33.2 percent of all immigrants (legal and illegal) did not have health insurance compared to 12.7 percent of native-born Americans. (Table 1)

(Read the entire report at: http://www.cis.org/articles/2009/healthcare.pdf)

NEW YORK TIMES INTERACTIVE MAP -- SHOWNG WHERE U.S. WORKERS COME FROM

LINK:  http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/04/07/us/20090407-immigration-occupation.html#view=21

Steven A. Camarota, Karen Jensenius

July 2008

Backgrounders and Reports

Monthly data collected by the Census Bureau through May 2008 shows a significant decline in the number of less-educated, young Hispanic immigrants in the country. The evidence indicates that the illegal immigrant population may have declined by over one million in the last year. There are strong indications immigration enforcement is responsible for at least part of the decline. The economy also is likely playing a role.

Among the findings:

  • Our best estimate is that the illegal immigrant population has declined by 11 percent through May 2008 after hitting a peak in August 2007.
  • The implied decline in the illegal population is 1.3 million since last summer, from 12.5 million to 11.2 million today.
  • The estimated decline of the illegal population is at least seven times larger than the number of illegal aliens removed by the government in the last 10 months, so most of the decline is due to illegal immigrants leaving the country on their own.
  • One indication that stepped-up enforcement is responsible for the decline is that only the illegal immigrant population seems to be affected; the legal immigrant population continues to grow.
  • Another indication enforcement is causing the decline is that the illegal immigrant population began falling before there was a significant rise in their unemployment rate.
  • The importance of enforcement is also suggested by the fact that the current decline is already significantly larger than the decline during the last recession, and officially the country has not yet entered a recession.
  • While the decline began before unemployment rose, the evidence indicates that unemployment has increased among illegal immigrants, so the economic slow-down is likely to be at least partly responsible for the decline in the number of illegal immigrants.
  • There is good evidence that the illegal population grew last summer while Congress was considering legalizing illegal immigrants. When that legislation failed to pass, the illegal population began to fall almost immediately.
  • If the decline were sustained, it would reduce the illegal population by one-half in the next five years.

[Click HERE to read entire report]

 

REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS ON SERVICES AND BENEFITS PROVIDED TO UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRANTS
Required Reporting for
Rider 59
House Bill 1
Eightieth Texas Legislature, Regular Session, 2007

I – Background


The 80th Texas Legislature, Regular Session, 2007, passed House Bill 1, General Appropriations Act, Article II, Health and Human Services, Rider 59: “Report to the United States Congress on Services and Benefits Provided to Undocumented Immigrants.”


This rider requires the Texas Health and Human Services Commission (HHSC) to report the cost of services and benefits provided by HHSC to undocumented immigrants in the state. Rider 59 also requires HHSC to compile these data for each Texas public hospital district facility. The text of Rider 59 is included below, with the required data and supporting documentation on subsequent pages.


Rider 59 — Report to the United States Congress on
Services and Benefits Provided to Undocumented Immigrants


The Health and Human Services Commission shall compile a report of the cost of services and benefits provided to undocumented immigrants, with the agency determining the extent to which undocumented immigrants are served by the agency, by individual program. The agency may use a statistical method developed by the agency in cases where it is not practical for the agency to directly determine whether recipients of a service or benefit are undocumented immigrants.


The Health and Human Services Commission shall also compile information on this subject from each public hospital district within the state and include this information in the report and shall not enforce Title 8 of the United States Code when compiling information on this subject.


The report must be produced using aggregated statistical data that does not contain personally identifiable information. The purpose of compiling this information is to perform analysis to assist the United States Congress and this state in making future health care and budgetary decisions. Information sought for the preparation of this report may not violate any federal or state laws, including rules, regarding privacy.


This report shall be provided to the United States Congress by December 1, 2008, and may be used as supporting materials by the State of Texas in requests for additional federal appropriations to assist with these costs.
The Health and Human Services Commission or a public hospital district may compile and report the information required by this rider only in a manner the attorney general of this state certifies as consistent with federal law.


The Health and Human Services Commission again shall submit the required report to the Lieutenant Governor, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and Members of the Legislature by December 1, 2008, and shall include the information in the agency's annual report for 2008.

[CLICK HERE FOR ENTIRE REPORT]

AMNESTY & POPULATION INCREASE

Californians for Population Stabilization (CAPS) recently released a study that has been receiving significant national and local media attention. CAPS and The Social Contract presented the major findings at a press conference at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. A video of this conference will soon be available on our website.

A Realistic Appraisal of the Actual Number of Illegal Aliens in the U.S.,  Implications for the Future, and Consequences for Public Policy Decisions and Citizen Response

In a just-issued report, the Department of Homeland Security’s Office of Immigration Statistics, along with the Census Bureau, asserts that 11.6 million illegal aliens were living in the United States as of 2006. This conference presented findings of immigration experts from a number of disciplines who challenged the official data and concluded that the illegal population may be more than double the official Census Bureau and Department of Homeland Security estimates; that the number of illegals entering the U.S. every year is higher than the Border Patrol and DHS figures; and the costs associated with our illegal alien population, including crime, health care, education, and labor market impact, are far higher than the public has been led to believe.

Diana Hull, Ph.D., Behavioral Scientist and President of Californians for Population Stabilization (CAPS). discussed why a more accurate accounting of the illegal alien population is essential for public policy decisions and clarified why the Census Bureau has underestimated the total number of illegal aliens in the U.S.

James H. Walsh, J.D., a former Associate General Counsel of the Immigration & Naturalization Service (INS), explained why he believes that as many as 38 million illegal aliens are living in the U.S. at the present time.

Philip J. Romero, Ph.D., Miller Professor of Business Administration at the University of Oregon and formerly California's chief economist on business and economic operations and Chief Deputy Cabinet Secretary for Gov. Pete Wilson wrote an analysis of the cost of illegal immigration to California in 1994 that helped touch off a national debate. He discussed the fiscal impact of illegal immigration in California that has implications for the United States as a whole.

Fred Elbel, a computer and political consultant from the Denver area, discussed alternative methodologies to discovering the likely size of the illegal alien population.

Wayne Lutton, Ph.D., editor of The Social Contract, a quarterly publication of public affairs, served as moderator.

The Center for Immigration Studies is an independent research institute
which examines the impact of immigration on the United States .
 

DREAM Act Offers Amnesty to 2.1 Million
New Estimate Shows Another 1.4 Million Family Members Could Also Stay


WASHINGTON (October 23, 2007) — The Senate is currently considering the DREAM Act (S.2205). Some have argued that only 60,000 illegal immigrants would be granted amnesty annually under the Act, but a new analysis by the Center for Immigration Studies of 2007 Census Bureau data shows millions of potential beneficiaries.

An estimated 800,000 illegal immigrants under age 17 have been here long enough to qualify for legalization under the DREAM Act. There are a total of 1.7 million illegal aliens estimated to be under age 17.

There are an estimated 900,000 parents of illegal aliens under age 17 who qualify. It is unclear whether the government would deport these parents.

The DREAM Act is also unclear as to what will happen to the siblings of legalized illegals who are themselves illegal, but do not meet the Act’s requirements. There are an estimated 500,000 of these siblings.

The DREAM Act also allows illegal aliens ages 18 to 29 to legalize if they claim to have arrived prior to age 16. We estimate 1.3 million meet this requirement. There are a total of 4.4 million illegal aliens in this age group.

Thus the total number of potential amnesty beneficiaries is 2.1 million (assuming no fraud). This does not include 1.4 million siblings and parents of qualifying illegals who may end up receiving a de facto amnesty.

Prior legalization programs have been plagued by fraud. One-fourth (700,000) of those legalized in the 1986 amnesty are estimated to have done so fraudulently.

Given the difficultly in determining whether an applicant meets the DREAM Act’s amnesty requirements, coupled with the overworked nature of the immigration bureaucracy, fraud could be a significant problem.

Methodology: These estimates are based on a Center for Immigration Studies analysis of the March 2007 Current Population Survey (CPS) collected by the Census Bureau. No estimate is definitive, of course, but the Urban Institute, the Pew Hispanic Center , and the INS have all used the March CPS to estimate the size of the illegal population. We estimated that the survey included more than 11 million illegals in 2007. This is entirely consistent with prior research. The above numbers do NOT include those illegal aliens missed by the Census Bureau’s survey. The Department of Homeland Security and other researchers have estimated that 10 percent of illegals are likely missed in Census Bureau surveys of this kind. Thus, the actual number of potential beneficiaries is almost certainly higher than the numbers discussed above.

We use the demographic characteristics of respondents to distinguish legal and illegal immigrants in the survey. We combine this with the estimated number of legal immigrants in the country. This method is based on some very well-established facts about the characteristics of the legal and illegal population and is consistent with other research that employs the same approach to estimate the illegal population. Contact: Steven Camarota
(202) 466-8185, sac@cis.org


# # #

The Center for Immigration Studies is an independent research institute
which examines the impact of immigration on the United States .

Senate Immigration Bill Would Allow 100 Million New Legal Immigrants over the Next Twenty Years
by Robert Rector
May 15, 2006
WebMemo #1076
The Heritage Foundation

If enacted, the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act (CIRA, S.2611) would be the most dramatic change in immigration law in 80 years, allowing an estimated 103 million persons to legally immigrate to the U.S. over the next 20 years—fully one-third of the current population of the United States.

Much attention has been given to the fact that the bill grants amnesty to some 10 million illegal immigrants. Little or no attention has been given to the fact that the bill would quintuple the rate of legal immigration into the United States, raising, over time, the inflow of legal immigrants from around one million per year to over five million per year. The impact of this increase in legal immigration dwarfs the magnitude of the amnesty provisions.

In contrast to the 103 million immigrants permitted under CIRA, current law allows 19 million legal immigrants over the next twenty years. Relative to current law, then, CIRA would add an extra 84 million legal immigrants to the nation’s population.

The figure of 103 million legal immigrants is a reasonable estimate of the actual immigration inflow under the bill and not the maximum number that would be legally permitted to enter. The maximum number that could legally enter would be almost 200 million over twenty years—over 180 million more legal immigrants than current law permits.

Immigration Status To understand the provisions of CIRA, largely based on a compromise by Senators Chuck Hagel (R–Nebraska) and Mel Martinez (R–Florida), it is useful to distinguish between the three legal statuses that a legal immigrant might hold:

Temporary Status: Persons in this category enter the U.S. temporarily and are required to leave after a period of time.

Near-Permanent, Convertible Status: Persons in this category enter the U.S. and are given the opportunity to “adjust” or convert to legal permanent residence after a few years.

Legal Permanent Residence (LPR): Persons in this category have the right to remain in the United States for their entire lives. After five years, they have the right to naturalize and become citizens. As naturalized citizens, they have the constitutional rights to vote and to receive any government benefits given to native-born citizens.

A key feature of CIRA is that most immigrants identified as “temporary” are, in fact, given convertible status with a virtually unrestricted opportunity to become legal permanent residents and then citizens.

Another important feature of both CIRA and existing immigration law is that immigrants in convertible or LPR status have the right to bring spouses and minor children into the country. Spouses and dependent children will be granted permanent residence along with the primary immigrant and may also become citizens. In addition, after naturalizing, an immigrant has the right to bring his parents into the U.S. as permanent residents with the opportunity for citizenship. There are no numeric limits on the number of spouses, dependent children, and parents of naturalized citizens that may be brought into the country. Additionally, the siblings and adult children (along with their families) of naturalized citizens and the adult children (and their families) of legal permanent residents are given preference in future admission but are subject to numeric caps.

Key Provisions of CIRA Four key provisions of CIRA would result in an explosive increase in legal immigration.

Amnesty for Current Illegal Immigrants: CIRA offers amnesty and citizenship to 85 percent of the nation’s current 11.9 million illegal immigrants. Under the plan, illegal immigrants who have been in the U.S. for five years or more (60 percent of illegals) would be granted immediate amnesty. Illegal immigrants who have been in the country between two and five years (25 percent of illegals) could travel to one of 16 “ports of entry,” where they would receive amnesty and lawful work permits.[1] In total, the bill would grant amnesty to 85 percent of the current illegal immigrant population, or some 10 million individuals. (view article at: The Heritage Foundation)

BORDER SECURITY

Relevant Excerpts(click here to view): National Guard Deployment to Effectively Assist Border Patrol in Securing the Border Region

Source Document (click here to view): The Congressional Immigration Reform Caucus
Report prepared by the Caucus Observation Team composed of: Lt. Col. Frederick A. Peterson, III. (RET), USMC, JD and John E. Stone, II, Captain (VA) Virginia Defense Force (both Congressional staff members)
Report Entitled: Results and Implications of the Minuteman Project, June 17, 2005

CITIZENSHIP/14TH AMENDMENT/"ANCHOR BABY"

From Feudalism to Consent: Rethinking Birthright Citizenship

by John C. Eastman, Ph.D

Legal Memorandum #18

March 30, 2006

Excerpts follow:

The jurisdiction clause of the Fourteenth Amendment is somewhat different from the juris­diction clause of the 1866 Act, of course. The pos­itively phrased “subject to the jurisdiction” of the United States might easily have been intended to describe a broader grant of citizenship than the negatively phrased language from the 1866 Act, one more in line with the modern understanding. But the relatively sparse debate we have regarding this provision of the Fourteenth Amendment does not support such a reading.

When pressed about whether Indians living on reservations would be covered by the clause since they were “most clearly subject to our jurisdiction, both civil and military,” for example, Senator Lyman Trumbull, a key figure in the drafting and adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment, responded that “subject to the jurisdiction” of the United States meant subject to its “complete” juris­diction, “[n]ot owing allegiance to anybody else.”

And Senator Jacob Howard, who introduced the language of the jurisdiction clause on the floor of the Senate, contended that it should be construed to mean “a full and complete jurisdiction,” “the same jurisdiction in extent and quality as applies to every citizen of the United States now” (i.e., under the 1866 Act).  That meant that the children of Indians who still “belong[ed] to a tribal relation” and hence owed allegiance to another sovereign (however dependent the sovereign was) would not qualify for citizenship under the clause. Because of this interpretative gloss, provided by the authors of the provision, an amendment offered by Senator James Doolittle of Wisconsin explicitly to exclude “Indians not taxed,” as the 1866 Act had done, was rejected as redundant.

The interpretative gloss offered by Senators Trumbull and Howard was also accepted by the Supreme Court—by both the majority and the dis­senting justices—in The Slaughter-House Cases.

The majority in that case correctly noted that the “main purpose” of the clause “was to establish the citizenship of the negro” and that “[t]he phrase, ‘subject to its jurisdiction’ was intended to exclude from its operation children of ministers, consuls, and citizens or subjects of foreign States born within the United States.”

Justice Steven Field, joined by Chief Justice Chase and Justices Swayne and Brad­ley in dissent from the principal holding of the case, likewise acknowledged that the clause was designed to remove any doubts about the constitu­tionality of the 1866 Civil Rights Act, which pro­vided that all persons born in the United States were as a result citizens both of the United States and of the state in which they resided, provided they were not at the time subjects of any foreign power.

Although the statement by the majority in Slaughter-House was dicta, the position regarding the “subject to the jurisdiction” language advanced there was subsequently adopted as holding by the Supreme Court in Elk v. Wilkins.

John Elk was born on an Indian reservation and subsequently moved to non-reservation U.S. territory, renounced his former tribal allegiance, and claimed U.S. citizenship by virtue of the Citizen­ship Clause. This Court held that the claimant was not “subject to the jurisdiction” of the United States at birth, which required that he be “not merely subject in some respect or degree to the jurisdiction of the United States, but completely subject to their political jurisdiction, and owing them direct and immediate allegiance.”

Elk did not meet the jurisdictional test because, as a mem­ber of an Indian tribe at his birth, he “owed imme­diate allegiance to” his tribe and not to the United States. Although “Indian tribes, being within the territorial limits of the United States, were not, strictly speaking, foreign states,” “they were alien nations, distinct political communities,” accord­ing to the Court.

Drawing explicitly on the language of the 1866 Civil Rights Act, the Court continued:

Indians born within the territorial limits of the United States, members of, and owing immediate allegiance to, one of the Indian tribes (an alien though dependent power), although in a geographical sense born in the United States, are no more “born in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof,” within the meaning of the first section of the fourteenth amendment, than the children of subjects of any foreign government born within the domain of that government, or the children born within the United States, of ambassadors or other public ministers of foreign nations.

Indeed, if anything, American Indians, as mem­bers of tribes that were themselves dependent upon the United States (and hence themselves subject to its jurisdiction), had a stronger claim to citizenship under the Fourteenth Amendment merely by virtue of their birth within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States than did children of foreign nationals. But the Court in Elk rejected even that claim and in the process necessarily rejected the claim that the phrase, “subject to the jurisdiction” of the United States, meant merely territorial jurisdiction as opposed to complete, political jurisdiction.

Such was the interpretation of the Citizenship Clause initially given by the Supreme Court, and it was the correct interpretation. As Thomas Cooley noted in his treatise, “subject to the jurisdiction” of the United States “meant full and complete jurisdic­tion to which citizens are generally subject, and not any qualified and partial jurisdiction, such as may consist with allegiance to some other government.”

The Supreme Court’s Wrong Turn in Wong Kim Ark

Despite the clear holding of Elk and the persua­sive dicta from Slaughter-House that mere birth on U.S. soil is not sufficient to meet the constitutional prerequisites for birthright citizenship, the Supreme Court held otherwise in United States v. Wong Kim Ark,[15] with expansive language even more broad than the holding of the case itself. It is that erroneous interpretation of the Citizenship Clause, adopted 30 years after the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment, that has colored basic questions of citizenship ever since.  (view memo in entirety)

 

Birthright Citizenship and the Constitution
by Edward Erler
WebMemo #925
December 1, 2005

(NOTE: The following is an entry concerning the first section of Amendment 14 of the Constitution as found in The Heritage Guide to the Constitution.)

Before the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment, citizens of the states were automatically considered citizens of the United States. In 1857, the Dred Scott v. Sanford decision had held that no black of African descent (even a freed black) could be a citizen of the United States. The Fourteenth Amendment was thus necessary to overturn Dred Scott and to settle the question of the citizenship of the newly freed slaves. ... Senator Jacob Howard of Ohio, the author of the Citizenship Clause, defended the new language against the charge that it would make Indians citizens of the United States. Howard assured skeptics that “Indians born within the limits of the United States, and who maintain their tribal relations, are not, in the sense of this amendment, born subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.” Senator Lyman Trumbull, Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, supported Howard, contending that “subject to the jurisdiction thereof” meant “not owing allegiance to anybody else . . . subject to the complete jurisdiction of the United States.” Indians, he concluded, were not “subject to the jurisdiction” of the United States because they owed allegiance—even if only partial allegiance—to their tribes. Thus, two requirements were set for United States citizenship: born or naturalized in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction. By itself, birth within the territorial limits of the United States, as the case of the Indians indicated, did not make one automatically “subject to the jurisdiction” of the United States. And “jurisdiction” did not mean simply subject to the laws of the United States or subject to the jurisdiction of its courts. Rather, “jurisdiction” meant exclusive “allegiance” to the United States. Not all who were subject to the laws owed allegiance to the United States. As Senator Howard remarked, the requirement of “jurisdiction,” understood in the sense of “allegiance,” “will not, of course, include persons born in the United States who are foreigners, aliens, who belong to the families of ambassadors or foreign ministers accredited to the Government of the United States.”  (view memo in entirety)

 

The Basic Right of Citizenship
A Comparative Study

Center for Immigration Studies
September 1993
by Sarah A. Adams

"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside." United States Constitution, Amendment 14, section 1, clause 1.

This seemingly simple sentence in the United States Constitution has recently been the cause of much debate among politicians and the public alike. The Fourteenth Amendment guarantees the automatic right of citizenship to anyone born in the United States (while subject to its jurisdiction). This has generally been interpreted to mean that the residence status of the parents makes no difference. The parents could be here illegally or simply passing through on a tourist visa; in either case their child born here would automatically be a citizen of the United States. Although, at first glance, this may seem to affect only a very small number of people, in actuality, births to illegal aliens account for a large percentage of the total hospital births in certain areas of the country. For example, Michael Antonovich of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors states that two-thirds of the births in Los Angeles county hospitals are to illegal aliens. Additionally, Mr. Antonovich notes that these children now account for 30 percent of all AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children) cases in Los Angeles County.

(view entire article and list of countries granting birthright citizenship: Center for Immigration Studies)

 

FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION & RECENT LEGAL ARGUMENTSON BIRTHRIGHT CITIZENSHIP VIEW THE FOLLOWING LINK: 

Eagle Forum Education & Legal Defense Fund

Amicus Curiae Brief in Support of Respondent

The Supreme Court of the United States

United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit

Re:  Yaser Esam Hamdi & Esam Fouad Hamdi as Next of Friend of Yaser Esam Hamdi, Petitioner

v. Donald H. Rumsfield, Secretary of Defense, et al, Respondent

HEALTH CARE

"Illegal Aliens and American Medicine"
Madeleine Pelner Cosman, Ph.D., Esq.
Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons, Volume 10, Number 1, Spring 2005(click here to view)

To learn more about our current immigration law, view this detailed chart explaining the various entrance categories and numbers associated with each. 

LAW ENFORCEMENT

Department of Homeland Security -- Office of Inspector General Report

An Assessment of US Customs & Enforcement's Fugitive Operations Team

(March 2007 OIG-07-34)

DHS OIG issues report estimates of over 600,000 FUGITIVE ALIENS in U.S. with whereabouts unknown.  In this report, fugitive apprehensions are prioritized as: (1) those posing a threat to the nation; (2) those posing a threat to the community; (3) those with violent criminal history; (4) criminal fugitives; and (5) non-criminal fugitives. 

 

M.C.C. (MAJOR CITIES CHIEFS) IMMIGRATION COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS -- For Enforcement of Immigration Laws by Local Police Agencies (Adopted June 2006) (View Here)

SOCIAL SECURITY ISSUES                                                

August 2008 issue

Wage Reports For Illegal Workers A Huge Hidden Cost To Social Security

"The Social Security & Medicare Advisor"

The Senior Citizens League, Inc.,

By Mary Johnson

The federal government recently made the largest single work site immigration raid in U.S. history.  Immigration officials arrested 389 workers — one third of the total number of employees — at the Agriprocessors Inc. plant in Postville, Iowa.

According to The Associated Press, the application and affidavit for the search warrant alleged that based on 2007 fourth quarter payroll reports, about 78% of Agriprocessors’ 968 workers, were using false or fraudulent Social Security numbers.  In addition, the warrant alleged that Agriprocessors was notified by the Social Security Administration (SSA) in five separate letters, of an unbelievable 500 Social Security number “discrepancies” (numbers which could be fraudulent) for each tax year from 2000 to 2005.

Although the raid grabbed the headlines, Agriprocessors is not the only employer sending in hundreds of questionable Social Security numbers every year.  From 2000 to 2005 the SSA received more than 9 million such reports every year.  Those discrepancies represent a huge future liability to Social Security and your benefits.  How so?

Each year the SSA processes about 245 million W2s from employers.  When Social Security receives a name or Social Security number (SSN) on a W-2 that does not match SSA’s records, the wage report goes into the “Earnings Suspense File” (ESF).  SSA Inspector General Patrick P. O’Carroll has stated in testimony before Congress that “we believe the chief cause of wage items being posted to the [Earnings Suspense File] instead of an individual’s earnings record is unauthorized work by non-citizens.”

In recent years the file has been growing at an unprecedented pace.  In 2005, the most recent year for which data is available, the file grew by the largest amount this decade.  The Social Security Administration says that more than 10 million wage reports were added for 2005 alone.  Those reports represented some $75 billion in wages. 

From 2000-2005 the total number of mismatched wage reports jumped from 217 million to 274 million by 2005— 82% higher than during the 1990’s and more than double the rate of the 1980’s.  Wages in the ESF more than doubled from $301.8 billion to $660 billion. 

Mismatched earnings reports remain in the ESF until the SSA obtains evidence to link the unidentified earnings to a valid SSN — a process termed “earnings reinstatement.” Reinstatements can occur any time, even years later.

If Congress enacts immigration reform that provides work authorization for current illegal immigrants, and allows a pending Social Security Totalization Agreement with Mexico to go into effect, a very substantial amount of earnings in the ESF file would potentially be reinstated in the future.  Once illegal workers obtain a valid SSN, they can provide SSA with evidence of earnings reports from unauthorized employment prior to receiving their SSN.  Their earnings, even if the wages were for illegal work, will be reinstated under their valid SSN.  Because earnings are used to determine both the number of quarters of coverage worked for entitlement and determination of the initial benefit, this poses huge liability to the Social Security Trust Fund worsening its solvency.  This would trigger benefit cuts and higher taxes for seniors who earned their benefits the legal way.

To combat this threat, TSCL supports the “No Social Security For Illegal Immigrants Act,” introduced by Representative Dana Rohrabacher (CA).  The legislation would ban Social Security credit for illegal work and prevent wages from unauthorized earnings being used to determine entitlement to benefits.  
 

Sources:  “Immigration Raid Spurs Calls For Action Vs. Owners,” David Pitt, The Associated Press, June 1, 2008.  Statement of the Honorable Patrick P. O’Carroll, Inspector General, Social Security Administration Before the Subcommittee on Oversight of the House Committee on Ways and Means, February 16, 2006. “Better Coordination Among Federal Agencies Could Reduce Unidentified Earn

 

TESTIMONY ON IMMIGRATION REFORM

Statement to the House Judiciary Committee Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims

by Phyllis Schlafly, President Eagle Forum

July 18, 2006

http://judiciary.house.gov/media/pdfs/schlafly071806.pdf

TEXAS SPECIFIC IMMIGRATION DATA

The Cost of Illegal Immigration to Texas

by James A. Bernsen

The Lone Star Foundation

"...In 1970, there were only 310,000 foreign-born citizens in the state. By 1990, that number had increased 391 percent, to 1.5 million. The immigration rate since then has exploded. According to a 2004 U.S. Census Bureau estimate, the number of foreign born residents of Texas in that year was 3.45 million – 1,100 percent of the 1970 number.  In 1970, the foreign-born population of Texas was three percent. In 1990, it was eight percent. In 2004, foreign-born residents represented 15.7 percent of all Texans. Although Texas has seen widespread migration from within the United States as well, this wave of external immigration comes with much more profound social – and fiscal – consequences.

The majority of this increase comes from legal immigrants, but a large – and proportionately growing – percentage comes from illegal immigrants. Texas, according to the Census Bureau, is now home to 15 percent of all illegal immigrants in the United States. Since 1993, the population has doubled by conservative estimates. Some studies have estimated that the population has even tripled...."

"Illegal Immigration Alternatives:  How States Should Respond"

View this Heritage Foundation Web Memo (at the above link) authored by James Jay Carafano, Ph.D.(June 26, 2007).  Carafano references a recent report entitled "State Approaches to Illegal Immigration" organized by the Texas Conservative Coalition Research Institute.  The report makes specific recommendations for discouraging unlawful presence by withdrawing many of the benefits and entitlements granted by state and local governments. 

VOTER REFORM RELATED:

Why is Mexico's Voter Registration System Better Than Ours?
By Allan Wall
VDARE.COM

Mexico has a better voter registration system than the United States.

That may come as a shock to those who believe nothing in Mexico could be superior. Nevertheless, it is true.

My wife is a Mexican citizen. I’ve accompanied her when she votes. (Being a non-citizen here, I don’t, of course, vote.) Every registered Mexican voter has a Voter ID card, complete with photograph, fingerprint, and a holographic image to prevent counterfeiting.

At the Mexican polling station, there is a book containing the photograph of every voter in the precinct. This book is available to the poll workers and observers from various parties. If there’s a doubt as to someone’s identity, the poll workers can simply look up the person’s name and see if the photo matches up.

The Mexican voter’s thumb is smudged with ink. That way, if he shows up at another polling site to vote, they know he’s already voted elsewhere. (The ink wears off after a few days.)

It’s a good system. Sure, Mexico has many problems. But hey, they solved that one!

Mexico’s 2000 presidential election elected Vicente Fox with a plurality of the vote. Some were happy, others weren’t. But there was no significant dispute over who had won the election. And that was a great accomplishment.

In contrast, U.S. voter registration is a joke. Thanks to the “Motor Voter” regime, not only is it unnecessary for a voter to prove citizenship, it is also unnecessary to prove identity. Registrars have been instructed not to be inquisitive about applicants’ citizenship - or lack thereof. It should come as no surprise then, that the last few years have seen more and more examples of voter fraud coming to light, including the casting of ballots by non-citizen voters.

...And everyone registering is required to provide a driver’s license or social security number. And election officials are actually supposed to try to verify the numbers.

First-time voters registering by mail have to provide proof of identity (a photo ID, utility bill, paycheck, bank statement, or government document with name and address) when registering or voting.

That’s good as far as it goes. But what about everybody else? Why not, like Mexico, require a permament voter ID, with photo, for everybody, all the time?

Reason: Hispanic pressure groups like MALDEF and National Council of La Raza wouldn’t like it. Every time the suggestion of a photo ID comes up, some so-called Hispanic activist or defender attacks it as discriminatory.

...Yes, the U.S. has a long way to go to get up to Mexico’s standards.(view entire article:VDARE.COM)

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